Simple Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars (simple carbohydrate) used as a source of energy
Formula: $(C H_{2} O)_{n}$
Found in linear or ringed structures

Three fundamental monosaccharide monomers:

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O
Glucose
O
Galactose
O
Fructose

Aldose vs Ketose sugars

In a linear monosaccharide structure, sugars are classified as Aldose or Ketose sugars depending on their functional groups

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Glucose
Galactose
Linear Monosaccharide Structures
H
C
O
C
C
C
C
C
H
O
H
H
H
O
H
O
H
H
O
H
H
C
O
C
C
C
C
C
H
O
H
H
H
O
H
H
O
H
O
H
O
H
H
H
O
H
H
H
Fructose
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
O
H
H
H
O
H
H
O
H
O
H
H
H
H
H
O
O
H

Linear vs Ringed Saccharides

Ringed Saccharides are on a plane
The reaction of carbonyl-hydroxyl forms rings (carbonyl is either aldehyde or ketone)

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Formation of Ringed Saccharide - Glucose
O
H
C
O
C
C
C
C
C
H
O
H
H
H
O
H
O
H
H
O
H
O
H
H
H
O
C
O
H

Saccharide Reactions

Dehydration synthesis of monosaccharides form disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Two hydroxyl groups react, condensing to form a glycosidic bond between the sugars
- This is named according to the number of the carbon atom in the reaction (starting from the right of the sugar)

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O
O
Glycosidic Bond
Water
Forming a glycosidic bond from two glucose (example)

Anomeric Carbons

Forming Ring Structures

Linear glucose spontaneously forms ring structures in an aqueous solution
- The carbonyl reacts with OH to form a ring structure
When hydroxyl reacts with different glucose structures, the double bonded carbonyl group carbon is the anomeric carbon

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Anomeric Carbon Example (Glucose)
H
C
O
C
C
C
C
C
H
O
H
H
H
O
H
O
H
H
O
H
O
H
H
H
O
O
alpha-glucose
beta-glucose

Classifying $α β$

If the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon is below $\to α$
Hydroxyl group above $\to β$

Functions of $α β$

$α$ and $β$ glucose form different glysodic bonds in disaccharides and polysaccharides

Reducing Sugars

Anomeric carbons -hydroxyl group is ready to react, reducing sugar
Based on if an anomeric carbon hydroxyl is available

Disaccharide

Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond

Important Reactions

Glucose + Glucose $\to$ Maltose (reducing sugar)
Galactose + Glucose $\to$ Lactose (reducing sugar)
Glucose + Fructose $\to$ Sucrose (not reducing sugar)

Monosaccharides

Three fundamental monosaccharide monomers:

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Aldose vs Ketose sugars

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Linear vs Ringed Saccharides

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Saccharide Reactions

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Anomeric Carbons

Forming Ring Structures

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Classifying α β

Functions of α β

Reducing Sugars

Disaccharide

Important Reactions

Classifying $α β$

Functions of $α β$